Beschreibung
InhaltsangabePreface xv 1 The Vocal Tract 1 1.1 Seeing the vocal tract: tools for speech research 2 1.2 Parts of the vocal tract 5 Chapter summary 11 Further reading 11 Review exercises 12 Further analysis and discussion 13 Go online 13 References 13 2 Basics of Articulation: Manner and Place in English 14 2.1 The dance of the articulators 15 2.2 Phonetic transcription 16 2.3 The building blocks of speech 20 Chapter summary 29 Further reading 29 Review exercises 30 Further analysis and discussion 32 Go online 32 3 A Tour of the Consonants 33 3.1 Exotic sounds and the phonetic environment 34 3.2 Pulmonic consonants 37 3.3 Nonpulmonic consonants 45 3.4 Positional variation in English 48 Chapter summary 51 Further reading 52 Review exercises 52 Further analysis and discussion 53 Go online 54 References 54 4 A Map of the Vowels 55 4.1 The landscape 56 4.2 Cardinal vowels 57 4.3 Building inventories: dimensions of vowel quality 59 4.4 Nasality and voice quality 66 4.5 Length and diphthongs 67 4.6 Tone 68 4.7 Positional variants of the vowels of English 70 Chapter summary 71 Further reading 71 Review exercises 72 Further analysis and discussion 73 Further research 74 References 74 5 Anatomy, Physiology, and Gestural Coordination 76 5.1 Anatomy and physiology of respiration 77 5.2 Anatomy and physiology of the larynx 79 5.3 Anatomy of the supralaryngeal vocal tract 85 5.4 Coordination of gestures 89 5.5 Palatography 91 Chapter summary 94 Further reading 95 Review exercises 96 Further analysis and discussion 97 Go online 98 6 The Physics of Sound: Pendulums, Pebbles, and Waves 99 6.1 What is sound? 100 6.2 Simple harmonic motion: a pendulum and a tuning fork 102 6.3 Adding sinuosoids: complex waves 105 6.4 Sound propagation 108 6.5 Decibels 110 6.6 Resonance 111 6.7 The vocal tract as a sound-producing device: source-filter theory 114 Chapter summary 116 Further reading 116 Review exercises 117 Further analysis and discussion 118 Go online 118 7 Looking at Speech: Waveforms, Spectra, and Spectrograms 119 7.1 Predigital speech 120 7.2 Digitization 122 7.3 Looking at waveforms 129 7.4 Spectra 131 7.5 Spectrograms 137 Chapter summary 142 Further reading 143 Review exercises 144 Further analysis and discussion 144 Go online 148 References 148 8 Speech Analysis: Under the Hood 149 8.1 Building sounds up 150 configurations 159 8.2 Breaking sounds down 160 Chapter summary 169 Further reading 170 Review exercises 170 Further analysis and discussion 171 Go online 172 References 172 9 Hearing and Speech Perception 173 9.1 Anatomy and physiology of the ear 174 9.2 Neuroanatomy 181 9.3 Speech perception 186 Chapter summary 194 Further reading 195 Review exercises 195 Further analysis and discussion 196 Go online 197 References 197 10 Phonology 1: Abstraction, Contrast, Predictability 198 10.1 The necessity of abstraction 199 10.2 Contrast and predictability: phonemes and allophones 203 10.3 Some complicating factors 211 10.4 Biuniqueness, Behaviorism, and the decline of phonemic analysis 214 Chapter summary 216 Further reading 216 Review exercises 216 Further analysis and discussion 217 Further research 219 Go online 219 References 219 11 Phonotactics and Alternations 221 11.1 Phonotactic constraints 222 11.2 Analyzing alternations 225 11.3 Alternations: what to expect 232 Chapter summary 246 Further reading 246 Review exercises 246 Further analysis and discussion 248 Go online 250 References 250 12 What Is Possible Language?: Distinctive Features 253 12.1 Introduction 254 12.2 Distinctive features 257 12.3 How have our hypotheses fared? 270 Chapter summary 271 Further reading 27
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